Most Common Car Issues

Selected parameters

Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Model Year
2002

Add more parameters

MOST COMMON PROBLEMS

CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a sleek coupe powered by a robust 5.7L V8 engine from General Motors. With a V-shaped engine configuration and sequential fuel injection, this vehicle is designed for performance. Manufactured in Bowling Green, Kentucky, it offers a classic American sports car experience with its iconic design and powerful LS6 engine model. Equipped with essential safety features like front airbags and manual seat belts, it embodies a blend of power and safety.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a sleek two-door coupe powered by a 5.7L V8 LS6 engine, delivering impressive performance with its Sequential Fuel Injection system. Manufactured by General Motors in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this vehicle offers both driver and passenger front airbags for added safety. A true American classic, the Corvette combines power and style seamlessly.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a sleek, two-door coupe powered by a robust 5.7L V8 engine with 8 cylinders and sequential fuel injection. Manufactured by General Motors in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this American classic offers performance and style with its LS6 engine model. Designed for enthusiasts, it comes with front airbags for both driver and passenger, ensuring safety alongside its thrilling drive.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a high-performance coupe featuring a 5.7L V8 LS6 engine with sequential fuel injection. Manufactured by General Motors in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this two-door sports car offers power and agility, making it a timeless choice for enthusiasts. Safety is prioritized with front airbags for both driver and passenger.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a sleek coupe powered by a robust 5.7L LS6 V8 engine with 5700 CC displacement. Built in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this American classic features sequential fuel injection, ensuring optimal performance. With a focus on safety, it includes front airbags for both the driver and passenger. This iconic sports car is a standout in the Class 1 weight category.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a high-performance coupe powered by a 5.7L V8 engine, delivering robust power through its LS6 configuration. Manufactured by General Motors in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this iconic sports car features sequential fuel injection and offers a thrilling driving experience. With seating for two and advanced safety features like front airbags, the Corvette blends performance and safety seamlessly.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a stunning coupe powered by a 5.7L V8 engine, generating impressive performance thanks to its LS6 engine model by WRN1. Manufactured in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this classic American sports car features sequential fuel injection and provides safety with front airbags for both driver and passenger.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CADILLAC Eldorado 2002

The 2002 Cadillac Eldorado Commemorative Edition is a sleek two-door coupe powered by a 4.6L V8 engine with sequential fuel injection. Manufactured by General Motors in Lansing, Michigan, this iconic vehicle offers a water-cooled, V-shaped engine delivering robust performance. It features front airbags for driver and passenger safety and maintains a gross vehicle weight of 6,000 lbs or less. A true classic, this Eldorado embodies luxury and power.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
L37
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
Name Plate: Cadillac

Problems:

Oil leaks
V-shaped engines, like the one in the 2002 Cadillac Eldorado, are prone to developing oil leaks, particularly around the valve covers and oil pan gasket, due to the complex geometry and additional gaskets required.
Head gasket failure
V8 engines generate significant heat and pressure, which can lead to head gasket failure over time. This issue is often exacerbated by poor cooling system maintenance.
Timing chain wear
The timing chain in the Cadillac Eldorado's V8 engine can wear out, leading to issues with engine timing. This can cause rough idling, poor performance, and potentially severe engine damage if not addressed.
Cooling system problems
V8 engines like the L37 are known to generate a lot of heat. Cooling system components such as the radiator, water pump, and thermostat may fail or become inefficient, leading to overheating issues.
Engine misfires
This can be caused by a variety of issues such as faulty spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors. Misfires can lead to poor engine performance and increased emissions.
Carbon build-up
Over time, carbon deposits can build up on intake valves, combustion chambers, and fuel injectors, leading to reduced engine efficiency and performance.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
This sensor is crucial for engine timing and performance. If it fails, the engine may stall, have difficulty starting, or run erratically.
Intake manifold gasket leaks
The gaskets can deteriorate over time, leading to vacuum leaks, rough idling, and poor fuel economy.
Fuel pump failure
The electric fuel pump can wear out, leading to fuel delivery issues which can cause the engine to run lean, misfire, or even stall.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a sleek coupe powered by a robust 5.7L V8 LS6 engine manufactured by WRN1. With a displacement of 5700 CC, this American classic delivers high performance through its sequential fuel injection system. Built in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this two-door sports car embodies power and style in one exhilarating package.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

Experience the thrill of driving with the 2002 Chevrolet Corvette Coupe. Powered by a 5.7L V8 LS6 engine from GM's Bowling Green plant in Kentucky, this iconic American sports car delivers 5700 CC of pure performance. With a sleek 2-door design, sequential fuel injection, and front airbags, it's built for both speed and safety.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a sleek coupe powered by a 5.7L V8 engine, known as the LS6. Built in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this model features sequential fuel injection and a gross vehicle weight rating under 6,000 lbs. With its high-output engine and classic design, it's a true American sports car icon.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CADILLAC Eldorado 2002

The 2002 Cadillac Eldorado Commemorative Edition is a stylish two-door coupe powered by a robust 4.6L V8 engine with a displacement of 4600 CC. Manufactured by General Motors in Lansing, Michigan, this vehicle features sequential fuel injection and runs on gasoline. With front airbags for both driver and passenger, it's designed for both performance and safety. The Eldorado's elegant design and powerful engine make it a classic choice among luxury passenger cars.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
L37
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
Name Plate: Cadillac

Problems:

Oil leaks
V-shaped engines, like the one in the 2002 Cadillac Eldorado, are prone to developing oil leaks, particularly around the valve covers and oil pan gasket, due to the complex geometry and additional gaskets required.
Head gasket failure
V8 engines generate significant heat and pressure, which can lead to head gasket failure over time. This issue is often exacerbated by poor cooling system maintenance.
Timing chain wear
The timing chain in the Cadillac Eldorado's V8 engine can wear out, leading to issues with engine timing. This can cause rough idling, poor performance, and potentially severe engine damage if not addressed.
Cooling system problems
V8 engines like the L37 are known to generate a lot of heat. Cooling system components such as the radiator, water pump, and thermostat may fail or become inefficient, leading to overheating issues.
Engine misfires
This can be caused by a variety of issues such as faulty spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors. Misfires can lead to poor engine performance and increased emissions.
Carbon build-up
Over time, carbon deposits can build up on intake valves, combustion chambers, and fuel injectors, leading to reduced engine efficiency and performance.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
This sensor is crucial for engine timing and performance. If it fails, the engine may stall, have difficulty starting, or run erratically.
Intake manifold gasket leaks
The gaskets can deteriorate over time, leading to vacuum leaks, rough idling, and poor fuel economy.
Fuel pump failure
The electric fuel pump can wear out, leading to fuel delivery issues which can cause the engine to run lean, misfire, or even stall.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a sleek coupe powered by a robust 5.7L V8 LS6 engine, delivering high-output performance. Built in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this two-door sports car features sequential fuel injection and front airbags for driver and passenger safety. With its classic American engineering from General Motors, the Corvette remains a symbol of power and style.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a sleek coupe powered by a 5.7L V8 LS6 engine from WRN1, delivering high performance with sequential fuel injection. Built in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this iconic American sports car features a 2-door design and advanced safety with front airbags for both driver and passenger.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
CHEVROLET Corvette 2002

The 2002 Chevrolet Corvette is a sleek, high-performance coupe powered by a 5.7L V8 LS6 engine. Manufactured by General Motors in Bowling Green, Kentucky, this iconic sports car features sequential fuel injection and a gross vehicle weight rating of under 6,000 lbs. With two doors and advanced safety features like front airbags, it promises a thrilling yet secure driving experience.

Spec:

Engine Configuration
V-Shaped
Engine Manufacturer
WRN1
Engine Model
LS6
Engine Number of Cylinders
8
Other Engine Info
HO, Name Plate: Chevrolet

Problems:

Oil consumption
The LS6 engine is known for higher oil consumption due to its high-performance nature. This can be exacerbated by aggressive driving.
Piston slap
Some users report a knocking noise during cold starts, which is often attributed to piston slap. This can be more noticeable in older models.
Valve spring failure
The LS6 engine has experienced issues with valve spring failures, which can lead to engine misfires or more severe damage if not addressed promptly.
Overheating
Due to its high-performance design, the LS6 engine can be prone to overheating, especially if the cooling system is not properly maintained.
Fuel injector issues
Fuel injectors may become clogged or fail over time, leading to poor engine performance and reduced fuel efficiency.
Timing chain wear
Over time, the timing chain can stretch or wear out, which can lead to poor engine performance or even catastrophic engine failure if it breaks.
Crankshaft position sensor failure
Failure of the crankshaft position sensor can cause the engine to stall or not start, and it may trigger the check engine light.
Vacuum leaks
Vacuum leaks can lead to a variety of performance issues, including rough idling, stalling, and poor acceleration.
© Copyright 2024 VinCyp.com Privacy Policy
VIN Decoder (vincyp.com) does not guarantee the accuracy of provided information, including technical data, features, specifications, indicators, etc. All manufacturers' logos, brands, and trademarks are the property of their respective owners.