Most Common Car Issues

Selected parameters

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Model Year
1992

Add more parameters

MOST COMMON PROBLEMS

MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a stylish convertible featuring a 1.6-liter engine with a power output ranging from 116 to 140 horsepower. This two-door sports car is powered by a four-cylinder gasoline engine and manufactured by Mazda Motor Corporation in Hiroshima, Japan. It offers a lightweight and agile driving experience, making it a favorite among enthusiasts.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic convertible, known for its sporty and agile performance. With a 1.6-liter engine producing between 116 to 140 horsepower, this two-door sports car offers a thrilling driving experience. Manufactured in Hiroshima, Japan, the MX-5 combines lightweight design with the reliability of Mazda engineering.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic convertible with a 1.6L engine, producing between 116 and 140 horsepower. Manufactured in Hofu, Japan, this two-door roadster offers an exhilarating driving experience with its lightweight build and responsive handling. Safety features include driver and passenger front airbags and manual seat belts. This model is perfect for those seeking a blend of performance and open-air enjoyment.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic convertible with a sleek design and a peppy 1.6L engine producing up to 140 hp. Manufactured in Hofu, Japan, this two-door cabriolet offers a fun and engaging driving experience. With its lightweight build and manual seat belts, it's a perfect blend of simplicity and excitement for driving enthusiasts.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
VOLVO 240 Series 1992

The 1992 Volvo 240 Series Wagon, manufactured by Volvo Car Corporation in Torslanda, Sweden, features a 2.3L in-line 4-cylinder engine (B230F) producing 116 hp. Designed for 49 states, it offers manual seat belts and a driver seat airbag. This classic 5-door wagon is well-regarded for its robust construction and reliable performance.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Configuration
In-Line
Engine Manufacturer
Volvo
Engine Model
B230F
Engine Number of Cylinders
4
Other Engine Info
w/o EGR Bosch

Problems:

Oil leaks
The B230F engine is known for developing oil leaks, particularly around the valve cover gasket, oil pan gasket, and rear main seal.
Timing belt failure
The B230F uses a timing belt that requires regular replacement. If not maintained, a timing belt failure can cause significant engine damage.
Vacuum leaks
This engine can develop vacuum leaks due to aging hoses and seals, leading to rough idling and poor performance.
Distributor issues
The distributor cap and rotor can wear out, causing misfires and starting issues.
Cooling system problems
Aging radiators, water pumps, and hoses can lead to cooling system failures, resulting in overheating.
Fuel system issues
The Bosch fuel injection system can develop problems with fuel pumps, injectors, and the fuel pressure regulator, causing poor engine performance.
Exhaust manifold cracks
The exhaust manifold on the B230F can crack over time, leading to exhaust leaks and increased engine noise.
Idle air control valve failure
The idle air control valve can fail or get clogged, causing erratic idling and stalling.
Mass air flow sensor issues
The mass air flow sensor can fail or get dirty, leading to incorrect air-fuel mixture and poor engine performance.
Egr valve problems
Although this specific engine version is without EGR, other related engines with EGR systems can face EGR valve clogging or failure.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic 2-door convertible, powered by a 1.6L 4-cylinder engine producing between 116 to 140 horsepower. Manufactured in Hofu, Japan, this lightweight sports car offers an exhilarating open-air driving experience. With a robust build and manual seat belts, it embodies Mazda's commitment to performance and safety.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 Convertible offers a thrilling open-air experience with its 1.6L 4-cylinder engine producing between 116 to 140 hp. Manufactured by Mazda Motor Corporation in Hiroshima, Japan, this two-door cabriolet is a lightweight, agile, and fun-to-drive sports car. It comes equipped with front airbags and manual seat belts, ensuring a blend of safety and performance. Ideal for enthusiasts who appreciate classic design and spirited driving.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic convertible with a 1.6L engine delivering between 116 to 140 horsepower. This two-door roadster, manufactured in Hofu, Japan, is powered by a 4-cylinder gasoline engine. With front airbags for the driver and passenger, it offers a thrilling yet safe driving experience. Ideal for enthusiasts of lightweight, nimble sports cars.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic convertible with a 1.6L engine delivering between 116 to 140 horsepower. Manufactured in Hofu, Japan by Mazda Motor Corporation, this two-door cabriolet offers a thrilling open-air driving experience. Equipped with front airbags and manual seat belts, it prioritizes safety while ensuring performance with its 4-cylinder engine. Ideal for those who crave a blend of style and agility.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic convertible with a 1.6L engine offering between 116 to 140 horsepower. Manufactured by Mazda Motor Corporation in Hofu, Japan, this two-door cabriolet combines sporty performance with the thrill of open-top driving. Safety features include front airbags for both driver and passenger. Ideal for enthusiasts looking for a lightweight, fun-to-drive roadster.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic convertible with a 1.6L engine delivering between 116 and 140 horsepower. This Japanese-made, two-door cabriolet offers a spirited driving experience and features front airbags for both the driver and passenger. Built in Hofu, Japan, by Mazda Motor Corporation, it remains a beloved choice for enthusiasts of lightweight, agile sports cars.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic convertible with a 1.6L engine, producing between 116 to 140 horsepower. Manufactured by Mazda Motor Corporation in Hiroshima, Japan, this iconic two-door roadster offers an exhilarating drive with its 4-cylinder gasoline engine. Perfect for those who love open-top motoring and sporty performance.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
VOLVO 240 Series 1992

The 1992 Volvo 240 Series Wagon is a classic family car, equipped with a 2.3L in-line 4-cylinder engine producing 116 hp. Manufactured in Sweden by Volvo Car Corporation, this model is designed for the U.S. market, excluding California. It features a manual seat belt system and a driver-only front airbag. Renowned for its durability and reliability, the 240 Series remains a beloved choice among car enthusiasts.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Configuration
In-Line
Engine Manufacturer
Volvo
Engine Model
B230F
Engine Number of Cylinders
4
Other Engine Info
w/o EGR Bosch

Problems:

Oil leaks
The B230F engine is known for developing oil leaks, particularly around the valve cover gasket, oil pan gasket, and rear main seal.
Timing belt failure
The B230F uses a timing belt that requires regular replacement. If not maintained, a timing belt failure can cause significant engine damage.
Vacuum leaks
This engine can develop vacuum leaks due to aging hoses and seals, leading to rough idling and poor performance.
Distributor issues
The distributor cap and rotor can wear out, causing misfires and starting issues.
Cooling system problems
Aging radiators, water pumps, and hoses can lead to cooling system failures, resulting in overheating.
Fuel system issues
The Bosch fuel injection system can develop problems with fuel pumps, injectors, and the fuel pressure regulator, causing poor engine performance.
Exhaust manifold cracks
The exhaust manifold on the B230F can crack over time, leading to exhaust leaks and increased engine noise.
Idle air control valve failure
The idle air control valve can fail or get clogged, causing erratic idling and stalling.
Mass air flow sensor issues
The mass air flow sensor can fail or get dirty, leading to incorrect air-fuel mixture and poor engine performance.
Egr valve problems
Although this specific engine version is without EGR, other related engines with EGR systems can face EGR valve clogging or failure.
VOLVO 240 Series 1992

The 1992 Volvo 240 Series is a classic wagon designed for the 49 states (excluding California). Featuring a 2.3L inline-four B230F engine with 116 hp, this versatile vehicle offers practicality with its 5-door configuration. Built in Torslanda, Sweden, it provides essential safety with a driver-side front airbag and manual seat belts. A reliable choice for those seeking a durable and functional passenger car.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Configuration
In-Line
Engine Manufacturer
Volvo
Engine Model
B230F
Engine Number of Cylinders
4
Other Engine Info
w/o EGR Bosch

Problems:

Oil leaks
The B230F engine is known for developing oil leaks, particularly around the valve cover gasket, oil pan gasket, and rear main seal.
Timing belt failure
The B230F uses a timing belt that requires regular replacement. If not maintained, a timing belt failure can cause significant engine damage.
Vacuum leaks
This engine can develop vacuum leaks due to aging hoses and seals, leading to rough idling and poor performance.
Distributor issues
The distributor cap and rotor can wear out, causing misfires and starting issues.
Cooling system problems
Aging radiators, water pumps, and hoses can lead to cooling system failures, resulting in overheating.
Fuel system issues
The Bosch fuel injection system can develop problems with fuel pumps, injectors, and the fuel pressure regulator, causing poor engine performance.
Exhaust manifold cracks
The exhaust manifold on the B230F can crack over time, leading to exhaust leaks and increased engine noise.
Idle air control valve failure
The idle air control valve can fail or get clogged, causing erratic idling and stalling.
Mass air flow sensor issues
The mass air flow sensor can fail or get dirty, leading to incorrect air-fuel mixture and poor engine performance.
Egr valve problems
Although this specific engine version is without EGR, other related engines with EGR systems can face EGR valve clogging or failure.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic convertible/cabriolet with a 1.6L, 4-cylinder engine delivering between 116 to 140 horsepower. Manufactured by Mazda Motor Corporation in Hiroshima, Japan, this two-door sports car offers an exhilarating drive with its manual seat belts and front airbags for the driver and passenger. Perfect for those who appreciate a lightweight, agile vehicle with a sporty edge.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
MAZDA MX-5 1992

The 1992 Mazda MX-5 is a classic convertible with a 1.6-liter, 4-cylinder engine delivering between 116 to 140 horsepower. Manufactured in Hiroshima, Japan, this lightweight, two-door roadster offers an exhilarating driving experience. Equipped with front airbags and manual seat belts, it prioritizes driver and passenger safety. Ideal for enthusiasts, this car combines Mazda's engineering prowess with a timeless design.

Spec:

Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Brake (hp) To
140
Engine Model
BPD
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Overheating
The 1992 Mazda MX-5 with the BPD engine may face overheating issues due to an aging cooling system or a failing thermostat.
Oil leaks
Common in older models, oil leaks can occur from gaskets, seals, or the oil pan.
Misfiring
Worn spark plugs, ignition coils, or fuel injectors can cause the engine to misfire.
Timing belt failure
The timing belt may wear out or break, leading to severe engine damage if not replaced at recommended intervals.
Fuel pump issues
An aging fuel pump may fail, leading to poor engine performance or starting problems.
Exhaust manifold cracks
Heat cycles can cause the exhaust manifold to crack, leading to exhaust leaks and reduced engine efficiency.
Valve cover gasket leak
The gasket may degrade over time, causing oil leaks around the valve cover.
TOYOTA Pick-Up 1992

The 1992 Toyota Pick-Up DLX is a robust 4WD truck with a 2.4L in-line 4-cylinder engine, delivering 116 hp. It features a short wheelbase and is built for durability with a gross vehicle weight rating ranging from 5,001 to 6,000 lbs. Manufactured in Japan, this pickup offers manual seat belts and a hydraulic brake system, perfect for both on-road and off-road adventures.

Spec:

Brake System Type
Hydraulic
Engine Brake (hp) From
116
Engine Configuration
In-Line
Engine Model
22R / 22R-EC / 22R-TEC
Engine Number of Cylinders
4

Problems:

Brake fluid leaks
Hydraulic brake systems rely on brake fluid to function properly, and leaks can lead to a loss of braking power.
Brake fade
Overheating can cause the brake fluid to boil, reducing its effectiveness and resulting in a spongy brake pedal.
Worn brake pads
Over time, brake pads wear down and need to be replaced to maintain effective braking.
Master cylinder failure
The master cylinder can wear out or leak, leading to a reduction in braking power or complete brake failure.
Caliper issues
Calipers can seize or leak, causing uneven braking or a reduction in braking power.
Brake line corrosion
Corrosion can weaken brake lines, making them susceptible to leaks and failure.
Vacuum booster failure
The vacuum booster assists in applying the brakes, and its failure can make the brake pedal hard to press.
Warped brake rotors
Warped rotors can cause vibrations and reduced braking performance.
Clogged brake lines
Debris or rust in brake lines can restrict fluid flow, leading to reduced braking efficiency.
Brake light switch failure
A faulty brake light switch can prevent the brake lights from illuminating, posing a safety risk.
Engine overheating
The 22R engine is known to have cooling system issues that can lead to overheating.
Timing chain wear
The timing chain on the 22R engine can wear out, potentially leading to engine damage if not replaced.
Head gasket failure
The 22R engine can suffer from head gasket issues, leading to coolant leaks and overheating.
Carburetor problems
The 22R and 22R-EC engines use carburetors, which can become clogged or out of adjustment, causing poor engine performance.
Oil leaks
Common in older engines like the 22R, oil leaks can occur from various seals and gaskets.
Vacuum leaks
The 22R engine can develop vacuum leaks, leading to poor performance and fuel economy.
Exhaust manifold cracks
The exhaust manifold can crack over time, leading to exhaust leaks and increased engine noise.
Fuel pump failure
The mechanical fuel pump can fail, leading to fuel delivery issues and poor engine performance.
Ignition system issues
Problems with the distributor, spark plugs, or ignition wires can cause misfires and poor engine performance.
Egr valve failure
The EGR valve can become clogged or fail, leading to increased emissions and poor engine performance.
© Copyright 2024 VinCyp.com Privacy Policy
VIN Decoder (vincyp.com) does not guarantee the accuracy of provided information, including technical data, features, specifications, indicators, etc. All manufacturers' logos, brands, and trademarks are the property of their respective owners.